Internal, External, and Generalized Symmetries

Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.

The effects of reward or reinforcement on preceding behavior depend in part on whether the person perceives the reward as contingent on his own behavior or independent of it. Acquisition and performance differ in situations perceived as determined by skill versus chance. Persons may also differ in generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. This report summar...

The structural link between “external” metric and “internal” gauge symmetries in noncommutative geometry

Generalized global symmetries and holography

We study the holographic duals of four-dimensional field theories with 1-form global symmetries, both discrete and continuous. Such higher-form global symmetries are associated with antisymmetric tensor gauge fields in the bulk. Various different realizations are possible: we demonstrate that a Maxwell action for the bulk antisymmetric gauge field results in a non-conformal field theory with a ...

Spatzier’s Conjecture and Generalized Symmetries

Within the smooth category, an intertwining is exhibited between the global rigidity of irreducible higher-rank Z Anosov actions on T and the classification of equilibrium-free flows on T that possess nontrivial generalized symmetries.

External and Internal Relations ∗

In the index to Appearance and Reality (First Edition) Mr. Bradley declares that all relations are “intrinsical”; and the following are some of the phrases by means of which he tries to explain what he means by this assertion. “A relation must at both ends affect, and pass into, the being of its terms” (p. 364). “Every relation essentially penetrates the being of its terms, and is, in this sens...